Chronic-Kidney-Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease: An Overview

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) refers to the slow and progressive loss of kidney function over time. It's a long-term condition that can lead to permanent kidney damage if not managed properly.

1. What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease?

The two main causes of CKD are:

• Diabetes Mellitus – high blood sugar can damage the kidney filters over time.
• High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) – can strain blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their function.
• Other causes include glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and prolonged use of certain medications.

2. Key Symptoms to Watch For

CKD often has no symptoms in early stages, but as it progresses, you may experience:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Swelling in feet and ankles (edema)
• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Foamy urine due to protein loss
• Shortness of breath and confusion in advanced stages

3. Diagnostic Tests for CKD

Early detection is critical. Common tests include:

• Blood Test (Serum Creatinine) – measures waste levels
• eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) – determines how well kidneys are filtering
• Urine Test – checks for protein or blood in urine
• Ultrasound or CT Scan – checks for structural abnormalities

4. Stages of Kidney Disease

CKD is divided into 5 stages based on your eGFR:

• Stage 1–2: Mild damage, few or no symptoms
• Stage 3: Moderate loss of function
• Stage 4: Severe loss, symptoms become evident
• Stage 5: End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) — may require dialysis or kidney transplant

5. Treatment & Management

Although CKD cannot be cured, it can be managed with:

• Controlling blood sugar (in diabetics)
• Managing blood pressure (below 130/80 mmHg)
• Low-protein and renal-friendly diet
• Limiting salt and potassium intake
• Avoiding NSAIDs and nephrotoxic drugs

6. Prevention Tips

• Regular monitoring of blood pressure and sugar levels
• Stay hydrated with clean water
• Avoid smoking and alcohol
• Exercise regularly and maintain healthy weight
• Consult a nephrologist if symptoms appear